![]() Best Weight Loss Plans & Diet Programs. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]()
One of my personal favorite apps for health and fitness is MyFitnessPal. This free app lets you count the calories that you consume everyday as well as tally up the. In her popular article, How to Help Your Overweight Dog Lose Weight, Dr. Donna Spector, a respected veterinary specialist, shared her secret to predictable weight loss. By Maureen Callahan. Blasting through levels of a game that matches colorful jellybeans and gumdrops is fun. So is using the app. The first two weeks of 2016 have passed by. How much progress have you made toward your resolutions? Better health is on most people’s list of New Year’s goals. ![]() ![]()
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![]() Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla include the majority of large land mammals. These two groups first appeared during the late Paleocene, rapidly spreading to a wide. Writing an Animal Report plus Rubric: Enchanted. Learning. com. Getting Started: First, get to know about your animal. Sometimes this will tell you something important or interesting about the animal. What shape is its body? How many legs does it have? If so, how does your animal move (does it walk, fly, jump, burrow, etc.)? Does it hibernate, estivate, or migrate in cold weather? Zoom. Whales. com. Title of Page. Name of the publisher (Enchanted. Learning. com in our case). Date the page was created (at Enchanted Learning, this is the earliest date on the copyright notice located at the bottom of each page), Date of revision (at Enchanted Learning, we do not keep track of page revisions). Wild Sheep Biology Think you know scat? See our new page all about bighorn sheep scat and mule deer scat. Name Klipspringer African buffalo may be active throughout the day and night; on average, 18 hours per day are spent foraging and moving. Herds usually occupy a stable home range; in. Before plunging into the facts as to what do spiders eat let me first briefly explain about this specie. Spiders are the insects that belong to the order of Araneae. DIET & FEEDING* *How Do We Know This? Clues to fossil mammals' diets come from not only teeth, but also skull shape, amount of space indicated by bones for a. The strong and imposing African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is Africa’s only wild cattle species, and one of the More Animals on Deer Trail / Behavior / Reproduction / History / Habitat & Diet Age / Antlers / Sight & Hearing / Smell / Track & Tracking: WHITETAIL DEER. The colour varies from light brown to darker brick-brown. The belly, the inside of the legs and underside of the tail are white. The ears are large, the. The San Diego Zoo has had various wild swine species, starting with warthogs, since the 1930s and has a proud record of wild swine breeding success. Calorie Calculator. Your weight: Pounds. Kilograms. Stone. Age: Sex: Male Female Estimate the number of hours each day you spend doing the following activities. Sitting, reading, watching TV, eating. If you do not enter any activity, the calculator. The calculation uses the coefficients below; if you want to burn more or fewer. Food Calorie Calculator. Powered by the USDA National Nutrient Database, the Food Calorie Calculator below allows you to choose from thousands of foods and brands, and see nutrition facts such as calories, fat, protein, carbohydrates, fiber and sugar. Get started by entering your food and drink choices under “Keywords”. ![]() Your calorie maintenance level is pretty useful to know. Think of it like it's your body's weight loss password, and knowing it will get you into your own private.If you want a quick tally of your choices, click “Add” next to the item to display a summary below. Food. Quantity. Serving Size. Calories. Fat. Protein. Carbs*Fiber. Total Sugar*Total carbohydrates. Food. Quantity. Serving Size. Calories. Fat. Protein. Carbs*Fiber. Total Sugar*Total carbohydrates. ![]() ![]() ![]() The 1200 Calorie Diet Plan. A 1200-calorie diet plan is a great way to efficiently lose weight. The results can usually be seen after a few weeks of dieting. A FREE guide to calorie counting. Learn all about calories, weight control and how to set up your diet. Calorie Deficit Calculator. This Calorie Deficit Calculator will determine the estimated total number of calories you need to maintain your current weight based on. ![]() The following calorie calculator will help you determine a safe and effective calorie intake for weight loss. It is based on the Harris Benedict formula for its. Mirena IUD and Your Sex Drive. For women on an IUD sex drive changes are often reported. We have already discussed relationships between the levels of testosterone and a woman's sexual function in a prior post. We take advantage of that fact, and it is a bonus non- contraceptive effect of the pill, that when using OCs to suppress ovarian male hormones this treatment therefore helps to control acne, PMS, heavy bleeding, menstrual cramps as well as other hormonal symptoms such as breast pains. But a disadvantage of this is that some studies have reported that the suppression of testosterone by OCs also suppress sexual function and desire. We know that even aging changes our male hormone levels, by your mid 4. Add contraceptive or other hormonal treatments to this natural decline, or be one of those individuals who has even naturally lower levels of testosterone, then the effects on sexuality may be more dramatic. Digging into the literature, there's not much to go on in the medical research files to give my patients firm answers on this. First some facts on how it works, then lets talk SEX. Getting more into the physiology I can tell you more about the interaction of your hormones and your sexual function. Sex may require the interaction of several hormones and brain chemicals to function naturally. Most women become desirous of sex then begin to get aroused when stimulated. Others can respond in the opposite order. Hormones that affect the amount of desire as well as the amount of arousal have some impact on our sexuality. Progesterone's exact role in sexuality is not known, but it may have some adverse effects by lowering estrogen or testosterone. The Mirena IUD has a synthetic type of progesterone, that is a male hormone derivative called levonorgesterel. It is a safe and effective contraceptive agent which has been used for decades. Mirena leaks about 1. LNG) daily into the uterus, this varies among women and will be the strongest in the first 6 months of IUD use. The Mirena prevents fertilization of eggs, and the LNG thickens cervical mucus so sperm cannot even penetrate. The pregnancy rate the first year is 0. ![]() About 6. 0% of women will eventually dry up their periods and not bleed at all the way the dose is designed. Hormonal side effects are reported by some as about 1% of the hormone gets into your blood stream. And about 1/1. 0 users will stop the Mirena in the first year due to complaints of the various hormonal side effects. Sex should improve if you have had a low sex drive on the pill and now are using an IUD. With a Mirena, estrogen levels stay normal, and vaginal lubrication should be normal. Polish researchers from the Medical University of Silesia in 2. Mirena users as a group had better sexual desire and arousal than control groups studied. When you discuss your sexual symptoms with your gyno, here's what you should bring to the discussion: facts about: desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction and pain with sex (dyspareunia). And the other thing to consider: what is your normal sexuality, there are women that have heightened awareness of sexuality and place more interest in sexuality. We have this issue with sexuality studies. ![]() Women who participate in a sexuality study are suddenly more interested in sex! And yes, if you're tangoing with a partner, what issues are there between you two? That affects sexuality too, and that's a whole different discussion.#Mirena. IUD #Sex. Drive #IUDand. Sex. Drive #IUDimage. By now you have probably seen the ads for MiO Liquid Water Enhancer, Kraft Foods’ new gimmick aimed at young consumers seeking “cool” new ways to stand out. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are beyond reproach. You may have an “opinion” that vaccines are dangerous or whatever.
![]() German Shepherds for Sale . He has a high desire to be with his owner and can be taken off the lead and loves hikes in the woods. He is great with animals, including dogs of both sexes, rabbits, chickens, and goats. ![]() The Bernese Mountain Dog originated as a farm dog, but these days he’s most often a beloved companion. He has many good qualities, but the number of potentially. I think without the diet and supplements my mommy gives me everyday, I would have gone to doggy heaven a long time ago. So, I’m thankful for the great diet I get. Create custom t-shirts and personalized shirts at CafePress. Use our easy online designer to add your artwork, photos, or text. Design your own t- shirt today! The History of the Dogue de Bordeaux. The Dogue de Bordeaux is a relative of the Mastiff, Bullmastiff, Neapolitan Mastiff and similar breeds. He is thought to have. Etimologia del termine. La parola italiana libro deriva dal latino liber. Il vocabolo originariamente significava anche "corteccia", ma visto che era un materiale. Storia e leggenda: hotels e ristoranti: arte e letteratura. These beautiful 3 1/2 mth old Mastiff mix pups are of a litter of Seven. They are well socialized, familiar with bunnies, ducks, and cats, they are human friendly. Connecticut German Shepherd Dog Trainer ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() AviationPros.com is the leading resource for the aviation industry. Find aviation news, commercial aviation products and reviews, aircraft maintenance, ground support. Are you an employer looking to find interns for your business? Employers can post internships and student jobs for free on Internships.com. Once you post your job. Find great local, shopping and travel deals at 50 to 90% off in Seattle, WA. Two or One Eyebrow-Threading Sessions at Shanti Threading Salon (Up to 60% Off). Weight Loss Program In Charlotte Nc B12 Medi Weight Loss Leesburg Va Total Weight Loss Center Newnan Ga Reviews Medical Weight Loss Clinic Food Supplements Keto Diet. Hypnosis: Focusing Subconscious on Change. Forget the stage- show stereotypes. Hypnosis has helped people cut back on pain, anxiety, and depression medications, resolve intestinal problems, quit smoking, even have less stressful childbirth. There's no pocket watch involved. Hypnosis is simply a state of concentration and focused attention - - focused on a mental image. It's a skill that must be learned from a trained therapist. With practice, hypnotizing yourself comes easily. Self- hypnosis is the path to training both mind and body to make a desired change. But if he focuses on a thought contrary to that, the idea becomes deeply embedded in his subconscious. That's when a suggestion, a thought that will help you solve a problem, is introduced by the therapist. When the mind is intensely focused, these so- called post- hypnotic suggestions have a powerful impact, Chapman says. Don't worry, you won't lose consciousness. ![]() ![]()
![]() You won't do anything against your will. Afterward, you are very much aware of what happened while you were . And, with practice, you can learn to hypnotize yourself to reinforce the suggestion. Pain Control Through Hypnosis. Marc Oster, Psy. D, a Chicago psychologist, relies on self- hypnosis when he gets dental work done. Afterward, I can go back to work for a full day. When the Novocain wears off, I don't have the pain, the jaw ache, or the headache that other people have. Hypnosis helps change our expectations. When a suggestion is made during hypnosis, the mind gains control over the body. Focus your attention on an image that blocks the perception of pain, for instance, and you feel less pain. Your subconscious has grabbed hold of that message, replaying it time and again. Continued. Research from Harvard Medical School and other institutions is showing evidence that hypnosis is indeed a process of mind over body. Studies are documenting the physiological changes that occur under hypnosis - - activating certain parts of the brain, including the portion that focuses attention. In fact, studies have shown pain related to cancer, surgery, back injuries, and migraines may. In 1. 95. 8, the American. The American Psychological Association has endorsed hypnosis for a number of years. In 1. 99. 5, the NIH announced its support of hypnosis for cancer pain and other pain conditions. Growing numbers of insurance companies, including Medicare, have begun covering hypnosis therapy for pain or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pain control is just one use for self- hypnosis. Among the others: Digestive Problems: Chronic indigestion and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have been treated with hypnotherapy. Recently, a large, long- term study showed that hypnosis provides sustained improvements in significant numbers of IBS patients. Hypnosis eased abdominal pain, distention, diarrhea, constipation, and other stomach upsets for many years - - even after the patients quit doing self- hypnosis. Most of the patients took no medication or other treatments for their IBS symptoms. And, since only a couple of medications are approved for IBS, the drug treatment can be expensive long- term. But for those who tried hypnosis, the payoff was having a better quality of life. The procedure also dramatically cut medication expenses. The problem results in lost time at school, frequent doctor visits, as well as anxiety and depression, and can last into adult years. But through a combination approach - - relaxation, guided imagery, and hypnosis - - it's possible for kids to gain control over their pain. Panic Attacks: The onset of a panic attack has a cluster of symptoms: the feeling of intense fear, sense of doom, feelings of unreality, racing heartbeat, difficulty breathing, sweating, shaking, dizziness, nausea, fear of losing control, tingling or numbness in the hands. Hypnosis has been shown to help some people find relief from panic attacks. Continued. Hypnosis can strengthen the effect of mind over body, researchers say. It can change the way you perceive sensations. By narrowly focusing your attention, you're not overwhelmed by panic attack symptoms when they begin. You are able to relax physically. The attack fades away. Childbirth: It's known as . It helps them to relax and let their bodies take over. The theory is that, in the absence of fear and tension, severe pain does not have to accompany labor. In this calm state, endorphins - - naturally occurring pain- relieving chemicals - - replace the stress hormones that contribute to pain. Even women choosing more traditional methods, such as painkilling drugs, can still benefit from the stress- relieving power of hypnosis. Lose Weight, Quit Smoking via Hypnosis? Hypnosis can help - - but it can't do the whole job, NIH researchers say. Only a quack will advertise that he can hypnotize you to lose weight. Weight Loss: Lifestyle changes matter most here. That means better eating habits and more exercise. But hypnosis can be extremely effective in reinforcing a commitment to lifestyle changes. Thepatient might be asked to visualize himself or herself exercising and feeling good about it. An anti- doughnut suggestion - - visualizing the harm that doughnuts do to the body - - can make them seem unappetizing. Smoking Cessation: The American Cancer Society advocates hypnosis as one of many stop- smoking techniques - - helping some smokers stay off tobacco for six months or longer. They suggest it might be helpful for some people. For many people, hypnosis is a way to change beliefs and attitudes that stand in the way of quitting. Hypnosis might enhance confidence, promote a general sense of well- being, decrease withdrawal urges, and help people focus on the importance of quitting. Best results come when hypnosis is simply used as an aid - - combined with other stop- smoking methods, such as the nicotine patch, researchers say. Continued. Bottom Line: Finding a Hypnosis Expert. Many psychologists and other mental health experts have training in hypnotherapy. To locate an expert certified in hypnosis, check the web sites for the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and the American Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis. The American Council of Hypnotist Examiners provides certification after extensive training. Sources. SOURCES: Stan Chapman, Ph. D, psychologist, Center for Pain Medicine, Emory. Healthcare, Atlanta. Web. MD Feature: . All rights reserved. Things To Do In Seattle - Deals in Seattle, WAIn Seattle for the summer? Buy a ticket to the Mariners’ home ballpark, Safeco Field. Rain or shine, a Seahawks home game will flood downtown Seattle. Find Family- Friendly Activities. View All. TOP SELLER. Rides and Attractions at Family Fun Centers & Bullwinkle's Restaurant (Up to 4. Off). Multiple Locations. The popular Ride the Ducks tour also makes for a fun time. In west Seattle, Alki Beach is sure to entertain the family with abundant restaurants and rental bicycles. Seattle may be Starbucks’ home town, but coffee enthusiasts should try an Americano at Cafe Allegro. For a taste of the Seattle nightlife, grab a Mai Tai on Capitol Hill. Millions of readers turn to Gayot's savvy, professional reviews on dining, travel and lifestyle. There’s no pressure, gallons of coffee, cocktails galore and scads of food you wouldn’t make for yourself. What’s not to like? Here are some of Seattle’s best weekend brunch options.\r\n\r\n. Denizens of Ballard already head to Se. Thick masa cakes, filled with fried plantains, are also a hard to find local favorite. The cozy digs are painted in a vibrant southwestern palette and peppered with Mexican tchotchkes, and there’s always a “we’re glad you’re here” feeling as you walk in the door.\r\n\r\n. At Brave Horse Tavern, South Lake Union locals know to order some bracing coffee or a Bloody Mary with pickled vegetables, then lay into the housemade Eggs Benedict, waffles, or a scrambled egg burrito. But really, it’s hard to go wrong with any of the late morning entr. The tavern itself is a historic building, with rugged walls that give it a western feel. There’s free shuffleboard and darts, and the Big Buck Hunter video game in the tack room benefits a local charity. Seattle teams show up on the big screen TVs, and it’s a major sports hangout on game days.\r\n\r\n. Near Fremont you’ll find Joule, a great place to start waking up for the weekend, with soft blue wallpaper walls that are easy on the eyes and open- rafter ceilings that have an airy feel. The menu, loosely based on Korean and New American hybrid dishes, is full of upscale touches, which makes sense given the pedigree of owners Seif Chirchi and Rachel Yang, who met while working at Alain Ducasse at the Essex House in New York. Order a main dish, perhaps a sesame waffle or something with pork belly, then hit the brunch buffet for a bevy of side options. Expect changing themes at the buffet, such as Moroccan food, with the appropriate cheese, salads, chutneys and fresh pastries.\r\n\r\n. For fancy, sometimes celebrity- studded, brunch in an opulent room with formal service and loads of cachet, try < a href=\. Located in the back of the 1. Italian Renaissance- style Fairmont Olympic Hotel, The Georgian’s butter- yellow walls offer a contrast to the crystal chandelier and leafy palm plants spread throughout the room. The huge buffet has applewood bacon, quiche, berries, croissants, pastries and fresh juices, and hot items like eggs and waffles on the weekend. The standalone menu offers many options, and some opt to get their roughage the stylish way with an order of Scottish steel cut oats topped with whiskey maple syrup and Devonshire cream. There’s no pressure, gallons of coffee, cocktails galore and scads of food you wouldn’t make for yourself. What’s not to like? Here are some of Seattle’s best weekend brunch options. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Limit 1 per table for tables of 2. May use two vouchers for tables of 4 or more. For dinner option, must purchase at least two Rodizio dinners. Valid only for option purchased. Reservations Strongly Recommended. Merchant's standard cancellation policy applies (any fees not to exceed voucher price). Not valid on Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, and Father's Day. Not valid with happy hour or other promotions. Dine in only. Valid for dinner or lunch only, depending on option purchased. Not valid towards salad bar. Limit 1 per visit. Not valid on Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, and Father's Day. Not valid with happy hour or other promotions. Dine in only. Valid for dinner or lunch only, depending on option purchased. Not valid towards salad bar. May be repurchased every 9. Limit 1 per person, may buy 1 additional as gift. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per party. Valid only for option purchased. Reservations recommended. Not valid towards king crab, snow crab, or dungeness crab. Cannot use voucher within 2. Not valid on federal holidays or New Year's Eve. May be repurchased every 9. Limit 1 per person, may buy 1 additional as gift. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per party. Valid only for option purchased. Reservations recommended. Not valid towards king crab, snow crab, or dungeness crab. Cannot use voucher within 2. Not valid on federal holidays or New Year's Eve. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per table. Valid only for option purchased. Must use promotional value in 1st visit. Not valid with any other discounts, promotions, specials, offers, or deals. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per table. Valid only for option purchased. Must use promotional value in 1st visit. Not valid with any other discounts, promotions, specials, offers, or deals. May buy 2 additional as gifts. Limit 1 per table. For $2. 5 and $5. Must purchase a food item. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Cannot be combined with other offers or discounts. May be repurchased every 3. May buy 2 additional as gifts. Limit 1 per table. For $2. 5 and $5. Must purchase a food item. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Cannot be combined with other offers or discounts. May be repurchased every 3. May buy 2 additional as gifts. Limit 1 per table. For $2. 5 and $5. Must purchase a food item. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Cannot be combined with other offers or discounts. May be repurchased every 3. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per table. Valid only for option purchased. Valid only for dine- in or takeout during dinner from 4: 3. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per table. Valid only for option purchased. Valid only for dine- in or takeout during dinner from 4: 3. Three Options Available. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Not valid toward happy hour menu. Not valid for takeout or delivery. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Not valid toward happy hour menu. Not valid for takeout or delivery. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Not valid toward happy hour menu. Not valid for takeout or delivery. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per table. Valid only for option purchased. Must purchase a food item. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per table. Valid only for option purchased. Must purchase a food item. Must use promotional value in 1 visit. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Limit 1 per table. Must use promotional value in 1st visit. Not valid with any other offers or special discounts. May be repurchased every 3. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Limit 1 per table. Must use promotional value in 1st visit. Not valid with any other offers or special discounts. May be repurchased every 3. Millions of readers turn to Gayot's savvy, professional reviews on dining, travel and lifestyle. For athletes or regular folks who know they need more focused toning, or anyone looking to achieve a lithe and limber look rather than simply bulking up, hitting the barre after work can pay off. But be forewarned: it’s hard work.\r\n\r\n. So what, exactly, does a barre workout involve? Each gym is lined with ballet bars, and exercisers can expect to employ rubber stretch bands, small rubber balls and a variety of small weights. After a series of warm- ups designed to elevate heart rates, classes travel through the body’s core muscle groups – arms, thighs, glutes, abdominals – and use an assortment of positions and training items to work each to exhaustion. Movements are subtle (think slight crunches, barely perceptible arm lifts and invisible hip thrusts) but produce a serious burn.\r\n\r\n. Most barre facilities offer variations on the basic one- hour workout, changing the focus from core muscle groups to refining techniques. Aside from its basic 5. Pure Barre in the University District offers additional 7. It also offers an introductory series called “Breaking Down the Barre,” which instructs newbies on the basic movements so that, during a normal workout, they can switch from one exercise to the next with proper form.\r\n\r\n. Bar Method just north of Belltown offers a more advanced workout for students who have completed at least 5. That way, core curriculum can be left to the newbies, and serious barre method fanatics can focus on tougher moves and stronger workouts.\r\n\r\n. Barre. 3 on 1. 2< sup> th< /sup> Street prides itself on mixing ballet, yoga and Pilates throughout their course offerings, and even provides an online workout and stretching component to help practitioners maintain their fitness level from home.\r\n\r\n. Finally, Cycling- focused gym Fly. Wheel Sports offers Fly. Barre classes at basic and advanced levels as an adjunct to the club’s cycling workouts, utilizing the barre techniques as a great way to train core muscles and complement a cycling workout practice. No matter where you end up practicing your moves and toning your muscles, you’ll be assured a great – if sweaty – time. For athletes or regular folks who know they need more focused toning, or anyone looking to achieve a lithe and limber look rather than simply bulking up, hitting the barre after work can pay off. But be forewarned: it’s hard work. Limit 1 per person, may buy 2 additional as gifts. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Moon Jellyfish - Animal Facts and Information. Aurelia aurita. Moon Jellyfish Description. The Moon Jellyfish offers several subspecies. It is really impossible though to tell them apart without taking samples of their DNA. They look too much alike in terms of their physical appearance, however, they have no sexual reproduction organs that determine this. Again, it is determined by their DNA profiling. Before DNA profiling was established though all of the subspecies of the Moon Jellyfish were lumped into one category. There are still those that argue they should be but the experts maintain that due to the DNA differences they shouldn’t be considered only one species. This is why you will find conflicting names for them as well as population numbers. It all comes down to the classifications that are being used. Class Scyphozoa. Order Semaeostomeae. Family Ulmaridae. Genus Aurelia. Conservation status Not evaluated. Moon Jellyfish Anatomy. There are four horseshoe shaped gonads that are found at the top of the bell for the Moon Jellyfish. Their body is white in color and round which gives it the moon shape. That is where their name derives from. They are very transparent too so when the sun or the moon is shining on them they look just like the moon does all lit up. They have very short tentacles in terms of what other species of Jellyfish offer. Port Manteaux churns out silly new words when you feed it an idea or two. Enter a word (or two) above and you'll get back a bunch of portmanteaux created by jamming. ![]() ![]() Discover animals you can explore at the National Aquarium, Baltimore. Learn about blue poison dart frogs, dolphins, sharks, jellies, and electric eels.Moon Jellyfish Predators. There are several known predators of the Moon Jellyfish. They include Sea Turtles that rely on them for food during their daily lives. The Spiny Box Puffer is also known as the Web Burrfish. It has a tan to yellow body with dark spots, and short, fixed spines which help protect it from larger, more. Shop for large selection of saltwater fish, salt water fish store, live tropical fish at price below wholesale. ![]() When fully grown a Moon Jellyfish is typically from 2. Due to the round look of them they are often referred to as the Saucer Jelly. They may have stripes or spots when they are younger around the middle of the bell area. They have a centralized censoring system in their body that allows them to find prey. They don’t have a brain and only about 5% of their body is made up of anything solid. Moon Jellyfish Evolution. It isn’t fully understood how long the Moon Jellyfish has been on Earth. There is evidence though to suggest that some species have been for million years. Where the branches have occurred to create the more than 1,5. Many experts believe that the overall functionality of the Moon Jellyfish has been able to adapt over time to changes in temperature and allocation. They have also been able to develop the toxins in their bodies to be able to protect them from predators as well as to get their prey. Moon Jellyfish – Aurelia aurita. Moon Jellyfish Behavior. The Moon Jellyfish has a very limited ability to move where it would like to. The current of the water and the wind is what takes it from one location to the next. They don’t use their body energy often to be able to try to swim around. This is why they tend to like water that has currents that are constant. They spend most of their life just drifting around in the ocean waters. A sting from a Moon Jellyfish may hurt but it won’t be fatal. Typically there is pain and a small rash that is red and swollen will result. The Tetraodontidae are a family of primarily marine and estuarine fish of the order Tetraodontiformes. The family includes many familiar species, which are variously. ![]() However, many people don’t even know that they have been stung by one due to the fact that they don’t penetrate well through skin. People that have thicker skin aren’t going to feel the Moon Jellyfish like a child or someone with thinner skin would. This particular type of Jellyfish tends to stay close to the surface of the water. Those that know what they are looking for can avoid them. However, many people in the water don’t even realize what they see. This certainly isn’t the physical appearance of what must of us have in mind when we think about a Jellyfish. This particular Jellyfish tends to live alone. However, there have been times when they are known to be in groups known as blooms. This is due to them being at the mercy of the current and the wind though. That is why they are often found in large numbers on the shore. Moon Jellyfish Habitat and Distribution. You will find this particular species of Jellyfish living everywhere in the oceans. They live in the warm waters as well as those that are cooler. Europe and North America are the most common locations for them. Canada and New England contain high populations. Experts do believe that their numbers have been on the rise for the past couple of decades. This could be due to the drop in various types of predators in those given locations. One of the factors that has been believed to kill large numbers of the Moon Jellyfish though is pollution. They have a thin body so various type of toxic materials can cause diseases and other health problems that they can’t overcome. Two Moon Jellyfish or Saucer jelly. Moon Jellyfish Feeding Habits. Mollusks and plankton are what the Moon Jellyfish consumes. They will also consume eggs and various types of mollusks. They have hearty appetites and will consume food as often as they can. They have a very large stomach that allows them to swallow food whole and then for it to be broken down. They need protein, carbs, and lipids to survive. The tentacles of the Moon Jellyfish allow it to capture prey. The tentacles have powerful toxins that immobilize the prey long enough for them to swallow it. They rely on digestive enzymes in the stomach lining to break down their prey. The Moon Jellyfish tends to do very well living in captivity under the right conditions. They will consume brine shrimp in such an environment and survival well on it. Moon Jellyfish Reproduction. In the summer time the Moon Jellyfish will take part in offering eggs and sperm on a daily basis. This is a process that will leave them weak and hungry. At the end of that process they will likely die. They tend to only live about 6 months in the wild from the time they are a full Jellyfish. This reproduction process can make them vulnerable to various forms of bacteria too that can end their life sooner. Moon Jellyfish Predators. There are several known predators of the Moon Jellyfish. They include Sea Turtles that rely on them for food during their daily lives. However, they also rely heavily on the Moon Jellyfish to supply them with food during their annual long migrational journey. Other predators including birds that will feed upon them when they get close to the shoreline. Humans are also predators of the Moon Jellyfish. They often assume that they are just as dangerous as any other type of Jellyfish. They don’t like the idea of being in the water with them. In some heavily populated tourist locations efforts have been made to limit populations. These locations are worried that they could lose out on the business of tourists of there are too many Moon Jellyfish around. Moon Jellyfish Related Articles. Tetraodontidae - Wikipedia. For other fish known by this name, see Porcupinefish. The Tetraodontidae are a family of primarily marine and estuarine fish of the order. Tetraodontiformes. The family includes many familiar species, which are variously called pufferfish, puffers, balloonfish, blowfish, bubblefish, globefish, swellfish, toadfish, toadies, honey toads, sugar toads, and sea squab. The scientific name refers to the four large teeth, fused into an upper and lower plate, which are used for crushing the shells of crustaceans and mollusks, their natural prey. The majority of pufferfish species are toxic and some are among the most poisonous vertebrates in the world. In certain species, the internal organs, such as liver, and sometimes their skin, contain tetrodotoxin and are highly toxic to most animals when eaten; nevertheless, the meat of some species is considered a delicacy in Japan (as . Other pufferfish species with nontoxic flesh, such as the northern puffer, Sphoeroides maculatus, of Chesapeake Bay. About 3. 5 species spend their entire lifecycles in fresh water. These fresh water species are found in disjunct tropical regions of South America (Colomesus asellus), Africa (six Tetraodon species) and Southeast Asia (Auriglobus, Carinotetraodon, Dichotomyctere, Leiodon and Pao). It moves by combining pectoral, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. This makes it highly maneuverable, but very slow, and therefore a comparatively easy predation target. Its tail fin is mainly used as a rudder, but it can be used for a sudden evasive burst of speed that shows none of the care and precision of its usual movements. The puffer's excellent eyesight, combined with this speed burst, is the first and most important defense against predators. The pufferfish's secondary defense mechanism, used if successfully pursued, is to fill its extremely elastic stomach with water (or air when outside the water) until it is much larger and almost spherical in shape. Even if they are not visible when the puffer is not inflated, all puffers have pointed spines, so a hungry predator may suddenly find itself facing an unpalatable, pointy ball rather than a slow, tasty fish. Predators which do not heed this warning (or which are . This neurotoxin is found primarily in the ovaries and liver, although smaller amounts exist in the intestines and skin, as well as trace amounts in muscle. It does not always have a lethal effect on large predators, such as sharks, but it can kill humans. Not all puffers are necessarily poisonous; the flesh of the northern puffer is not toxic (a level of poison can be found in its viscera) and it is considered a delicacy in North America. A puffer's neurotoxin is not necessarily as toxic to other animals as it is to humans, and puffers are eaten routinely by some species of fish, such as lizardfish. In these respects, they are somewhat similar to the terrestrial chameleon. Although most puffers are drab, many have bright colors and distinctive markings. This is likely an example of honestly signaledaposematism. Spawning occurs after males slowly push females to the water surface or join females already present. The eggs are spherical and buoyant. Hatching occurs after roughly four days. The fry are tiny, but under magnification have a shape usually reminiscent of a pufferfish. They have a functional mouth and eyes, and must eat within a few days. Brackish- water puffers may breed in bays in a similar manner to marine species, or may breed more similarly to the freshwater species, in cases where they have moved far enough upriver. Reproduction in freshwater species varies quite a bit. The dwarf puffers court with males following females, possibly displaying the crests and keels unique to this subgroup of species. After the female accepts his advances, she will lead the male into plants or another form of cover, where she can release eggs for fertilization. The male may help her by rubbing against her side. This has been observed in captivity, and they are the only commonly captive- spawned puffer species. Target- group puffers have also been spawned in aquariums, and follow a similar courting behavior, minus the crest/keel display. However, eggs are laid on a flat piece of slate or other smooth, hard material, to which they adhere. The male will guard them until they hatch, carefully blowing water over them regularly to keep the eggs healthy. His parenting is finished when the young hatch, and the fry are on their own. Information on breeding of specific species is very limited. It is believed to spawn in bays in a similar manner to saltwater species, as their sperm was found to be motile only at full marine salinities, but actual wild breeding has never been observed. Xenopterus naritus has been reported to be first breed artificially in Sarawak, Northwestern Borneo in June 2. The structures apparently serve to attract females and provide a safe place for them to lay their eggs. Traditionally, their diet consists mostly of algae and small invertebrates. They can survive on a completely vegetarian diet if their environment is lacking resources, but prefer an omnivorous food selection. Larger species of pufferfish are able to use their beak- like front teeth to break open clams, mussels, as well as other shellfish. Some species of pufferfish have also been known to enact various hunting techniques ranging from ambush to open water hunting. The four major clades diverged during the Cretaceous between 8. The oldest known pufferfish genus is Eotetraodon, from the Lutetian epoch of Middle Eocene Europe, with fossils found in Monte Bolca and the Caucasus Mountains. The Monte Bolca species, E. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, fugu chiri, or occasionally from raw puffer meat, sashimi fugu. While chiri is much more likely to cause death, sashimi fugu often causes intoxication, light- headedness, and numbness of the lips, and is often eaten for this reason. The toxin paralyzes diaphragm muscle and stops the person who has ingested it from breathing. People who live longer than 2. The source of tetrodotoxin in puffers has been a matter of debate. The warning indicated that puffer fish toxin is 1. They are often cheaper than other fish, and because they contain inconsistent levels of toxins between fish and season, there is little awareness or monitoring of the danger. Consumers are regularly hospitalized and some even die from the poisoning. United States. The symptoms generally resolve within hours to days, although one affected individual required intubation for 7. Case reports suggest anticholinesterases such as edrophonium may be effective. Retrieved 2. 01. 6- 0. Retrieved 2. 01. 6- 0. Pauly (eds.). Retrieved 2. The Encyclopedia of Fish Cookery. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 0. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2. 01. 6. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 3. 1 March 2. Paxton, J. R. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0- 1. 2- 5. 47. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2. Supplement No. 2. Roberts, Tyson R. The Southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish genus Chonerhinos (Tetraodontidae), with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4. Ocean- photo. de. Retrieved 2. 01. 2- 0. Retrieved 1. 9 August 2. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. PMC 2. 66. 43. 63 . PMID 1. 90. 19. 79. Aquaculture Research. International Business Times. Retrieved September 2. One talented little.. Our Beautiful Planet. Retrieved 2. 01. 7- 0. Evidence from the pufferfish and their allies (Order Tetraodontiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Egg Toxicity and Egg Predation in Rough- Skinned Newts. Proquest Dissertations and Theses database. UMI No: 3. 22. 95. Shibamoto, Takayuki; Bjeldanes, Leonard (2. Introduction to Food Toxicology (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. Alipala (2. 01. 2- 0. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2. 01. 2- 0. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. April 2. 00. 2. Retrieved 3. July 2. 01. 6. Lucie, and Martin Counties. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved 3. 0 July 2. Bibliography. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. Ebert, Klaus (2. 00. The Puffers of Fresh and Brackish Water, Aqualog, ISBN 3- 9. X. Gordon, M. S.; Plaut, I.; Kim, D. Journal of Fish Biology. Plaut, I.; Chen, T. Ichthyological Research. The best foods for a bodybuilding diet help you build muscle. Gain Mass The Best Protein For Your Bodybuilding Goals No matter what type of bodybuilder you are, supplement your diet correctly with these guidelines. Do you want to get jacked? Gaining muscle can be tricky. Learn the top bodybuilding diet your body needs to grow and get bigger. See what the pros are doing and how. Vegetarian Bodybuilding Foods to Enhance Muscle Mass. Muscle building and vegetarian foods don’t go quite hand in hand because protein is the foundation of muscle building and some of the richest sources of protein are non- vegetarian such as lean beef, pork, turkey and fish. So, does that mean vegans and vegetarian don’t stand any chance of building muscles? The answer is “Yes they do”. Consider some of the most powerful and muscular animals like horses, oxen and gorillas; they are all herbivorous. The diet for muscle building should be planned in such a way that there is always a calorie surplus even after calories are burned through exercise and resistance training. Vegetarians and vegans can get the required nutrients from whole grains, nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables. Developing a chiseled and muscular body requires a disciplined life, commitment and consistency. It should be a combination of hard training and a well- planned diet.
A healthy diet that supports fat loss and improved fitness needs protein. But not all protein is healthy. Here we share the best protein sources for building muscle. This year's Best Diets were ranked for nutritional completeness and safety. A healthy diet should provide enough calories and shouldn't skimp on key nutrients. The 3 most important nutrients that should be derived from muscle building foods are as follows: Proteins. Bodybuilding foods should provide a constant supply of protein throughout the day for promoting muscle growth. Proteins are formed by amino acids and amino acids are the building blocks of muscles and tissues. Muscle growth and repair of muscle tissues is impossible without amino acids. There are 2. 2 amino acids in all, of which 9 are essential and 1. The amino acids are taken in by the small intestine and again released into the blood stream after being rearranged. The nine essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body itself and have to be supplemented through the diet. Proteins are utilized by the body to produce energy and carry out vital functions. It also helps in building muscles and replaces damaged and old cells. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are a crucial source of energy for the body and the best muscle building foods must be rich in carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates like whole grain breads, pasta and cereals are slowly digested to provide a continuous, slow release of energy for a long time. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and all the cell functions depend on glucose. Therefore, complex carbohydrates should make up at least 5. Fats. Although, fats are misunderstood by most people, healthy fats have many beneficial effects on health. Lipids (fats) are the best source of energy with over twice as many calories per gram compared to proteins and carbohydrates. Unsaturated fats found in plants and oils contain linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid important for the human body. Fats supply energy, protect vital organs, increase satiety and balance hormonal functions. Healthy foods for muscle building should contain fats and it should make up 3. Best Vegetarian Foods for Muscle Building. Building muscles by following a vegetarian diet is not as difficult as it sounds. There is a wide range of plant- based foods rich in complex carbohydrates, protein and healthy fats. Nuts. These crunchy and delicious snacks are packed with protein and healthy calories which make them one of the best body building foods. Nuts such as almonds and cashews are loaded with protein, fats and fibers, which help you in getting those surplus calories even after sweating it out in the gym. One cup of almonds contains 3. Nuts for health are extremely portable, which makes them one of the most easy munching foods that you can enjoy any time during the day. Quinoa. Quinoa is a complete food for muscle growth which contains all the 9 essential amino acids that the body cannot produce by itself. It is also rich in proteins and complex carbohydrates, which work as a steady source of energy through strenuous workout sessions. Quinoa can be cooked just like rice but are actually the seeds of a leafy plant. One cup of cooked quinoa has 8 grams of protein. Research shows that quinoa promotes the production of growth hormone factor- 1 (IGF- 1), which is important for gaining muscle mass and strength. It is also laden with iron, calcium and magnesium that are essential for regulating muscle tone. Beans and Legumes. Beans and legumes such as chickpeas are some of the most effective protein- rich foods that can be incorporated in the vegetarian diet for muscle building. Just a cup of chickpeas contains 4. Beans such as kidney beans, pinto beans, etc. You can consume beans combined with brown rice or enjoy a cup of rich chickpea hummus. Seeds. The diet for muscle building is incomplete without the inclusion of seeds in it. Seeds such as flax seeds, chia seeds, sesame seeds and sunflower seeds are packed with essential fatty acids, proteins and fiber. The essential fatty acids existing in seeds reduce inflammation and promote recovery of tissues post workout. A nourishing smoothie sprinkled with flax seeds or chia seeds make the perfect post workout food. You can also include the seeds in salads and curries. Fruits. Fruits are often avoided by fitness enthusiasts because of their high fructose content that can cause fat gain. But certain fruits such as bananas, cantaloupes and apples are extremely beneficial for muscle building. These fruits are loaded with carbohydrates, fiber, minerals and vitamins which are vital for increasing lean muscle mass. Having a banana, an apple or a small bowl of cantaloupes during breakfast after a night of fasting can keep you going throughout the day. Tofu. Tofu, a popular soy product is a healthy alternative source of high- quality protein other than meat. It contains all the essential nutrients required for body building and is a rich source of isoflavones and amino acids that boost muscle growth. Tofu also helps in speedy recovery of sore muscles and tissues after a strenuous workout session. It can be used to prepare a delicious scramble that tastes as good as scrambled eggs. Full- Fat Cottage Cheese. Full fat cottage cheese is one of the best muscle building foods that you can enjoy without compromising on the taste. Cottage cheese has two fold benefits in improving lean muscle mass. Firstly, full fat cottage cheese is rich in casein, a slow digesting dairy protein that causes a slow and steady rise in the level of amino acid in the blood that continues to remain at an elevated level for a long time. Secondly, cottage cheese is loaded with live cultures and healthy bacteria that promote the breakdown and absorption of the nutrients that are required for building bigger and stronger muscles. Fermented Dairy Products. Fermented dairy products such as yogurt, buttermilk and kefir work as magic foods for muscle building. Fermented dairy products work better that regular milk because they are higher in calories and the presence of probiotics in these foods improve digestion of other foods, so that maximum amount of nutrients and calories can be absorbed by the body through efficient breakdown of foods. You can enjoy a cup of yogurt or a glass or buttermilk or kefir as a healthy muscle building snack. Leafy Greens. Although, most of us concentrate on proteins for building muscles; vegetables also play an equally important role when it comes to bodybuilding. Leafy green vegetables such as kale, spinach, romaine lettuce along with beet, avocado and squash are rich in calcium, folic acid, vitamins A, B, C, D and E – all of which are vital for improving muscle concentration, reducing inflammation and neutralizing the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The antioxidants present in vegetables speed up muscle and tissue recovery, which is an integral part of bodybuilding. Protein Shakes. A healthy shake rich in carbohydrates and protein such as a whey protein shake is important to speed up the results of any muscle building program. A protein shake works as an effective pre- workout food which promotes optimal nutrient usage and effective muscle growth. The combination of carbohydrates and protein in bodybuilding shakes reduce excessive muscle breakdown, improve protein synthesis in the body, boost up blood flow to the muscles and act a steady supply of energy. Include these vegetarian muscle building foods in your bodybuilding diet and combine it with a daily schedule of resistance training in order to achieve your dream figure. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Overview, Diagnostic Guidelines, Etiology. Ravi S Menon, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology, Georgetown University School of Medicine. Ravi S Menon, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Heart Association, American Society of Neuroimaging, American Stroke Association. Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Howard S Kirshner, MD Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry and Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vice Chairman, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Director, Vanderbilt Stroke Center; Program Director, Stroke Service, Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital; Consulting Staff, Department of Neurology, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The Common Spice That Can Dissolve Deadly Brain Plaques and Prevent Memory Loss by Live in the Now. ![]() Howard S Kirshner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Neurological Association, American Society of Neurorehabilitation, National Stroke Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Tennessee Medical Association. Disclosure: BMS/Sanofi Honoraria Speaking and teaching Francisco Talavera, Pharm. D, Ph. D, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor- in- Chief, Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure: Medscape Reference Salary Employment. Appointments at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Request Appointment.![]() A diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), sadly, has become a rite of passage in so-called developed countries. AD is considered the most common form of dementia. Health + Behavior Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s reversed for first time Small trial by UCLA and Buck Institute succeeds using A new study suggests memory loss in Alzheimer's patients may be reversed. Diet can help or harm brain health. Eating foods loaded with saturated fat boosts unhealthy low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is bad. ![]() Evolutionary Discordance of Grains/Legumes in the Human Diet. To set the context for this discussion, let's first briefly recap the basic evolutionary processes to which all species are subject. These principles are fundamental to understanding the repercussions of grains or any other food on the genetics that govern human biology. Thus, many of the foods we now eat are discordant with our genetic inheritance. As we proceed, we will look at the considerable clinical evidence supporting this picture.) Such . As the article progresses, however, we'll be taking a look at some of the actual genetics involved so it can be seen that . There are 8 major cereal grains which are consumed by modern man (wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, rice, sorghum, and millet) . Each of these grains were derived from wild precursors whose original ranges were quite localized . Did you know that human morality may be determined through study of evolution, the process that formed the human? A Basis for Morality. The list is sorted by species, going from older to more recent species. Within each species, finds are sorted by the order of their discovery. Each species has a type. Evolutionary Tree Information: KNM-ER 1470, the type specimen for Homo rudolfensis was originally thought to belong to Homo habilis, along with KNM-ER 1813. Evolutionary Tree Information: This species, along with H. Many scientists think it is an ancestor of. Provides information on the discovery of hominid fossils in different parts of the world and the time range in which each species lived. ![]() Wheat and barley were domesticated only ~1. Near East; rice was domesticated approximately 7,0. China, India, and southeast Asia; corn was domesticated 7,0. Central and South America; millets were domesticated in Africa 5,0. ![]() East Africa 5,0. 00- 6,0. Asia; and oats were domesticated ~3,0. Europe. Also, the wild version of these grains were much smaller than the domesticated versions and extremely difficult to harvest . The first member of the human genus, Homo, was Homo habilis who has now been dated to ~2. ![]() What is a low carb diet, really? When can a low carb diet be beneficial? Should everyone follow a low carb diet? Or, can a low carb diet ruin your health? Homo habilis was a species of the tribe Hominini, during the Gelasian and early Calabrian stages of the Pleistocene period, which lived between roughly 2.1 and 1.5. MYA) . Homo erectus, who had post- cranial (the rest of the body below the skull) body proportions similar to modern humans, appeared in Africa by about 1. MYA and is thought to have left Africa and migrated to Asia by 1 MYA or perhaps even earlier . Archaic Homo sapiens (called by some, Homo heidelbergensis) has been dated to 6. Africa and to about 4. Europe or perhaps earlier . ![]() ![]() ![]() The industrial revolution occurred roughly 2. Take a stack of computer paper (the kind in which each page is connected to one another) and count out 2. Then unravel the stack of paper and lay it out end to end- -it will form a continuous 1. Now, let's assume that 1 inch(2. MYA and the last part of the last page represents the present day. ![]() When you get to the very last eleven- inch section (the 2. Mideast 1. 0,0. 00 years ago; therefore, during the preceding 2. This little experiment will allow you to fully grasp how recent in the human evolutionary experience are cereal grains (as well as dairy products, salt, and the fatty meats of domesticated animals). Because the estimated amount of genetic change (0. Consequently, the human genome is most ideally adapted to those foods which were available to pre- agricultural man, namely lean muscle meats, limited fatty organ meats, and wild fruits and vegetables- -but, significantly, not grains, legumes, dairy products, or the very high- fat carcasses of modern domesticated animals. ![]() ![]() Processing technology required. Clearly, grass seeds have a worldwide distribution and would have been found in most environments that early man would have inhabited. However because almost all of these seeds are quite small, difficult to harvest, and require substantial processing before consumption (threshing, winnowing, grinding, and cooking), it would have been virtually impossible for pre- behaviorally modern humans (circa 3. There is no reliable evidence to indicate that this combination of technology was ever utilized by hominids until the late Pleistocene. The advent of grinding stones in the Mideast approximately 1. There is substantial evidence that certain modern- day hunter- gatherers such as the Australian Aborigine and the American Great Basin Indians utilized grass seeds . For virtually all of the rest of the studied hunter- gatherer populations, cereal grains were not consumed. Optimal foraging theory. In view of the substantial amount of energy required (as just outlined) to harvest, process, and eat cereal grains, optimal foraging theory suggests that they generally would not be eaten except under conditions of dietary duress . It seems likely that during the Late Paleolithic and before, when large mammals abounded, our ancestors would almost have never consumed the seeds of grass. Comparison with other foraging primates. Except for some species of baboons, no primate consumes gramineae (grass) seeds as a part of their regular natural diet. Primates in general evolved in the tropical rainforest in which dicotyledons predominate- -consequently monocotyledons (gramineae) would not have been available to our primate ancestors. Primate digestive physiology. The primate gut is not equipped with the enzyme systems required to derive energy from the specific types of fiber which predominate in gramineae. Consequently, unless cereal grains are milled to break down the cell walls and cooked to crystallize the starch granules (and hence make them more digestible), the proteins and carbohydrates are largely unavailable for absorption and assimilation. Thus, until the advent of regular fire use and control (as evidenced by hearths ~1. Repercussions of antinutrient load. As has been suggested by John Yudkin almost 3. Clearly, no human can live on a diet composed entirely of cereal grains (for one thing they have no vitamin C). However, that is but one consideration, since eating raw cereal grains (as well as cooked cereal grains) wreaks havoc on the primate gut because of the high antinutrient content of grains. When cereal grain calories reach 5. One has to look no further than the severe pellagra epidemics of the late 1. America and the beri- beri scourges of southeast Asia to confirm this. Recent research has also implicated zinc deficiency due to the effects of excessive cereal grain consumption in retarding skeletal growth . To this point, we haven't even touched upon the other antinutrients which inflict damage on a wide variety of human physiological systems. These antinutrients include protease inhibitors, alkylrescorcinols, alpha- amylase inhitors, molecular- mimicking proteins, etc. We will look further at these additional problems below. Clearly, however, cereal grains cannot contribute substantial calories to the diet of primates unless they are cooked and processed. Digestive considerations and technology required. Question: Granted that grains would not have made up a large portion of the diet. Nevertheless, if people could in some way have comfortably eaten some amount of wild grains without technology, then given the opportunistic nature of human beings, there's not much reason to think they wouldn't have, is there? Commentary: People can put many plant items as well as non- edible items (stones, bones, feathers, cartilage, etc.) into their gastrointestinal tracts by way of putting them into their mouths. The key here is the ability of the GI tract to extract the nutrients (calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, and minerals). Bi- gastric herbivores (those having second stomachs) have evolved an efficient second gut with bacteria that can ferment the fiber found in leaves, shrubs, grasses, and forbs (broad- leaved herbs other than grass) and thereby extract nutrients in an energetically efficient manner. Because the cell walls of cereal grains are almost completely resistant to the mechanical and chemical action of the human GI tract, cereal grains have been shown to pass through the entire GI tract and appear intact in the feces . In order to make the nutrients in cereal grains available for digestion, the cell walls must first be broken (by milling) to liberate their contents and then the resultant flour must be cooked. Cooking causes the starch granules in the flour to swell and be disrupted by a process called gelatinization which renders the starch much more accessible to digestion by pancreatic amylase . It has been shown that the protein digestibility of raw rice is only 2. We have deliberately selected for large grains, with minimal chaff, and which are easily harvestable. The wild counterparts of these grains were smaller and difficult to harvest. Further, separation of the chaff from the grain was time- consuming and required fine baskets for the winnowing process. Once the chaff is separated from the grain, the grains have to be milled and the resultant flour cooked. This process is time- consuming and obviously could have only come about in very recent geologic times. Further, the 8 cereal grains now commonly eaten are endemic to very narrow geographic locations and consequently by their geographic isolation would have been unavailable to all but a selected few populations of hominids. There are components in raw cereal grains which wreak absolute havoc with human health and well- being. The primary storage form of phosphorous in cereal grains is phytate, and phytates bind virtually all divalent ions, i. Excessive consumption of whole- grain unleavened breads (5. The main lectin in wheat (wheat germ agglutinin) has catastrophic effects upon the gastrointestinal tract . Additionally, the alkylrescorcinols of cereals influence prostanoid tone and induce a more inflammatory profile . Given also the lack of adaptation of the human gut to prevent the negative effects of their consumption which are only mitigated (and only partially) by such technology, it is extremely unlikely cereal grains were ever more than a very minute fraction of the human diet until very recent times. Genetic changes to the human gut in evolutionary perspective. Question: What evidence is there for the speed at which genetic changes that govern the way the gastrointestinal tract functions can occur? Isn't there evidence showing that, for example, the genes governing lactose intolerance can be quite rapid in evolutionary terms? What basis is there for believing that the human gut is really the same as that of our hominid ancestors during Paleolithic times? Commentary: There are calculations which estimate how long it took to increase the gene for adult lactase persistence (ALP) in northern Europeans from a pre- agricultural incidence rate of 5% to its present rate of approximately 7. Human evolution - Wikipedia. Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus. Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. The most significant of these adaptations are bipedalism, increased brain size, lengthened ontogeny (gestation and infancy), and decreased sexual dimorphism. The relationship between these changes is the subject of ongoing debate. The earliest hominin, of presumably primitive bipedalism, is considered to be either Sahelanthropus. The non- bipedal knuckle- walkers, the gorilla and chimpanzee, diverged from the hominin line over a period covering the same time, so either of Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor. Ardipithecus, a full biped, arose somewhat later. There are several theories of the adaptation value of bipedalism. It is possible that bipedalism was favored because it freed the hands for reaching and carrying food, saved energy during locomotion. Another change is the shape of the big toe. Recent studies suggest that Australopithecines still lived part of the time in trees as a result of maintaining a grasping big toe. This was progressively lost in Habilines. Anatomically, the evolution of bipedalism has been accompanied by a large number of skeletal changes, not just to the legs and pelvis, but also to the vertebral column, feet and ankles, and skull. The knee and ankle joints became increasingly robust to better support increased weight. To support the increased weight on each vertebra in the upright position, the human vertebral column became S- shaped and the lumbar vertebrae became shorter and wider. In the feet the big toe moved into alignment with the other toes to help in forward locomotion. The arms and forearms shortened relative to the legs making it easier to run. The foramen magnum migrated under the skull and more anterior. A drawback is that the birth canal of bipedal apes is smaller than in knuckle- walking apes, though there has been a widening of it in comparison to that of australopithecine and modern humans, permitting the passage of newborns due to the increase in cranial size but this is limited to the upper portion, since further increase can hinder normal bipedal movement. During human birth, because of the variation in size of the pelvic region, the fetal head must be in a transverse position (compared to the mother) during entry into the birth canal and rotate about 9. This pattern of brain increase happened through the pattern of human postnatal brain growth which differs from that of other apes (heterochrony). It also allows for extended periods of social learning and language acquisition in juvenile humans which may have begun 2 million years ago. However, the differences between the structure of human brains and those of other apes may be even more significant than differences in size. Traditionally the cerebellum has been associated with a paleocerebellum and archicerebellum as well as a neocerebellum. Its function has also traditionally been associated with balance, fine motor control but more recently speech and cognition. The great apes including humans and its antecessors had a more pronounced development of the cerebellum relative to the neocortex than other primates. It has been suggested that because of its function of sensory- motor control and assisting in learning complex muscular action sequences, the cerebellum may have underpinned the evolution of human's technological adaptations including the preadaptation of speech. It has been suggested that the changes have been associated with social changes, increased empathic abilities. Another important physiological change related to sexuality in humans was the evolution of hidden estrus. Humans and bonobos are the only apes in which the female is fertile year round and in which no special signals of fertility are produced by the body (such as genital swelling during estrus). Nonetheless, humans retain a degree of sexual dimorphism in the distribution of body hair and subcutaneous fat, and in the overall size, males being around 1. These changes taken together have been interpreted as a result of an increased emphasis on pair bonding as a possible solution to the requirement for increased parental investment due to the prolonged infancy of offspring. Ulnar opposition. It was chosen originally by Carl Linnaeus in his classification system. Darwin's book did not address the question of human evolution, saying only that . Huxley argued for human evolution from apes by illustrating many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes, and did so particularly in his 1. Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature. However, many of Darwin's early supporters (such as Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell) did not initially agree that the origin of the mental capacities and the moral sensibilities of humans could be explained by natural selection, though this later changed. Darwin applied the theory of evolution and sexual selection to humans when he published The Descent of Man in 1. Neanderthal remains were discovered in a limestone quarry in 1. On the Origin of Species, and Neanderthal fossils had been discovered in Gibraltar even earlier, but it was originally claimed that these were human remains of a creature suffering some kind of illness. The child's remains were a remarkably well- preserved tiny skull and an endocast of the brain. Although the brain was small (4. Also, the specimen showed short canine teeth, and the position of the foramen magnum (the hole in the skull where the spine enters) was evidence of bipedal locomotion. All of these traits convinced Dart that the Taung Child was a bipedal human ancestor, a transitional form between apes and humans. The East African fossils—and Homo naledi in South Africa. The driving force of these searches was the Leakey family, with Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey, and later their son Richard and daughter- in- law Meave—all successful and world- renowned fossil hunters and paleoanthropologists. From the fossil beds of Olduvai and Lake Turkana they amassed specimens of the early hominins: the australopithecines and Homo species, and even Homo erectus. These finds cemented Africa as the cradle of humankind. In the late 1. 97. Ethiopia emerged as the new hot spot of paleoanthropology after . Although the specimen had a small brain, the pelvis and leg bones were almost identical in function to those of modern humans, showing with certainty that these hominins had walked erect. White in the 1. 99. Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba. The skeletal anatomy combines primitive features known from australopithecines with features known from early hominins. The individuals show signs of having been deliberately disposed of within the cave near the time of death. The fossils have not yet been dated. By constructing a calibration curve of the ID of species' pairs with known divergence times in the fossil record, the data could be used as a molecular clock to estimate the times of divergence of pairs with poorer or unknown fossil records. In their seminal 1. Science, Sarich and Wilson estimated the divergence time of humans and apes as four to five million years ago. Subsequent fossil discoveries, notably . However, a 2. 01. Iceland of 7. 8 children and their parents suggests a mutation rate of only 3. Ma). Additional research with 2. And these data suggest that Ardipithecus (4. Ma), Orrorin (6 Ma) and Sahelanthropus (7 Ma) all may be on the hominid lineage, and even that the separation may have occurred outside the East African Rift region. Furthermore, analysis of the two species' genes in 2. A principal finding is that the X chromosomes of humans and chimps appear to have diverged about 1. The research suggests: There were in fact two splits between the human and chimp lineages, with the first being followed by interbreeding between the two populations and then a second split. The suggestion of a hybridization has startled paleoanthropologists, who nonetheless are treating the new genetic data seriously. In 1. 99. 4, Meave Leakey discovered Australopithecus anamensis. The find was overshadowed by Tim D. White's 1. 99. 5 discovery of Ardipithecus ramidus, which pushed back the fossil record to 4. In 2. 00. 0, Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut discovered, in the Tugen Hills of Kenya, a 6- million- year- old bipedal hominin which they named Orrorin tugenensis. And in 2. 00. 1, a team led by Michel Brunet discovered the skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis which was dated as 7. Brunet argued was a bipedal, and therefore a hominid—that is, a hominin (cf Hominidae; terms . Wolpoff called it) that emphasizes back- and- forth gene flow among geographic regions. Subsequently, genetics has been used to investigate and resolve these issues. According to the Sahara pump theory evidence suggests that genus Homo have migrated out of Africa at least three and possibly four times (e. Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis and two or three times for Homo sapiens). Recent evidence suggests these dispersals are closely related to fluctuating periods of climate change. A joint Franco- Indian team has found human artefacts in the Siwalk Hills north of New Delhi dating back at least 2. This is earlier than the previous earliest finding of genus Homo at Dmanisi, in Georgia, dating to 1. Although controversial, tools found at a Chinese cave strengthen the case that humans used tools as far back as 2. |